What are the basic operations of a computer

There are five basic operations of a computer as follows:
1. Inputting
It is the process of entering data and instructions into computer system. Input is performed by input devices like keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera and microphone etc.

2. Storing
It is the process of saving data and instructions to make them available as and when required in future. Data and programs are stored on permanent storage devices, especially on hard disk. Other permanent storage media include CD - Compact Disk, DVD - Digital Video Disk and Zip Disk etc.
3. Processing
It is the process of performing arithmetic and logical operations on data to convert them into useful information. Processing is performed by CPU- Central Processing Unit. CPU is also called Processor. It is the brain of computer.
4. Outputting
It is the process of producing useful information after processing data, for example, printed reports for user. Output is presented by output devices like monitor, printer and speakers.
5. Controlling
It is the process of directing and controlling the manner and sequence in which all above operations are performed. Control Unit will control operations and components of a computer. Control Unit is a part of the processor.

Write a note on Classification of Computers

Q. Write a note on “Classification of Computers”   OR Explain Types of computer on the
basis of Size, Shape and Resources.
Classification of Computers
Computers are classified on the basis of size, speed and price as under:
•    Microcomputer or Personal Computer
•    Mini Computer
•    Mainframe Computer
•    Super Computer
1. Micro Computers

Desktop Model computer

Micro computer is also called personal computer. It was introduced in 1970. It contains  input devices, output device, storage device, memory and processor. It is used by one person at a time. Examples of personal computers are PC and Apple Macintosh. The major types of personal computers are desktop computer and portable computer.
Desktop Computers
These computers can easily fit on a table or desktop, hence the name. These computers come in two models or casings. In Desktop model, the system unit is placed on the desktop or table. Monitor is placed on the system unit. In Tower model, both monitor and system unit are placed on the table.

Tower Model computer

Portable Computer
Portable is a personal computer that can be carried from one place to other easily. Notebook computer and handheld computer (smart phone) are examples of portable computers. Notebook computer is also called laptop computer. Laptop computers are very small in size and can be placed easily on lap.

Lap top computer or notebook computer

Hand held computer

Handheld Computers (like smart phone) are also potable. Handheld computer is also known as palmtop computer. It easily fits in the hand of the user.
Uses of Micro Computer
The PC is the most common type of computer used in the office. It is now widely used in many homes. These are also used for business and engineering application.
2. Mini Computers
Mini computers were introduced in the 1960s. Mini computer is larger and more powerful  computer than personal computer. It can execute five million instructions per second. It  generally consists of two or more processors.

Mini computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously. It is normally accessed by users via personal computer or terminal. A device with a monitor and keyboard is called terminal. It is also known as dumb terminal. It has no processing power and cannot work as stand-alone computer. Examples of mini computers are:
•     VAX-8800
•     AS 400.

Uses of Mini Computers
Mini computers are often used by small and medium-sized companies to provide centralized store of information.
3. Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers were introduced in 1975. A mainframe computer is a very large computer in size. It is more powerful than mini computer. It consists of multiple processors. It is designed to perform multiple tasks for multiple users at the same time. Mainframe computers can serve up to 50,000 users at the same time.

The users access a mainframe computer through terminal or personal computer. A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second. Examples of mainframe computers are
•     NEC 610
•     DEC 10
Uses of Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are used in large organizations. For example, airlines use these computers for ticket reservation system. NADRA - The Computerized National Idenity Card Issuer in Pakistan - uses mainframe computers to maintain the information of population.
4. Super Computers
Super computers were introduced in 1980s. Super computer is the fastest computer. Super computer is the biggest in size and the most expensive in price than any other computers.

It is the most sophisticated, complex and advanced computer. It has a very large storage capacity. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. Super Computer is the fastest and most powerful computer of a time. Supercomputers are very
expensive. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks. Super computers are used for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. Supercomputers were designed primarily by computer scientist - Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC).
Uses of Super Compters include:
1. Weather forecasting,
2. animated graphics like in Hollywood movies,
3. fluid dynamic calculations,
4. nuclear energy research,
5. space science
6. Weapon and missile design
7. and petroleum exploration etc.
Today, supercomputers are produced by traditional companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett- Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. Since October 2010, the Tianhe-1A supercomputer has been the fastest in the world; it is located in China.
The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a single program as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors. Super computer uses high-speed facilities such as satellite for online processing.
Examples of super computers are CRAY-XP, ETA-10, and Deep Blue and above all Todays number one super computer is Tianhe-1A supercomputer of China. Aircraft companies use super computer to simulate aircraft and check its performance. Many  Hollywood movies use it for animation purposes.

What are the basic units or components of a computer

Following are the main basic components of the computer:

1. Input Unit

2. Output Unit

3. Central Processing Unit( CPU / Processor)

4. Memory Unit

5. Storage Unit

1. Input Unit

Input unit consists of input devices. Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer memory. Examples of input devices are Keyboard, mouse, joystick and microphone etc.

2. Output Unit

Output unit consists of output devices. Output devices are used to show results produced by computer after data processing. Examples of output devices are Monitor, Printer, plotter and  speaker etc.

3. Central Processing Unit

Central processing unit is also called CPU or Processor. It is the brain of the computer. It performs data processing. It controls overall operations and components of the computer.

4. Memory Unit

Memory unit consists of memory devices to store data . For Example RAM is most common example of memory.

5. Storage Unit

Storage unit consists of storage media. Storage media are used to store large amounts of data permanently. Examples of storage media are Hard disk, CD, DVD and Zip disk etc.